Gender Inequalities in Access to Schooling in Pakistan Essay -- Girls

Education is a precious thing that holds the future for all young humanity beings. It allows us to learn, to grow, and to become functional and responsible citizens of society and the competitive world. Without procreation, people will non be open to do the things that they want to in the future in order to advance their dreams to improve their lives and society. They will not be able to learn new things, new ideas, and new skills in order to advance the stages of human growth and development. They will be barricaded behind the barriers of ignorance, isolation, and despair. While students in the industrialized developed world have the right and ability to go to instruct and learn without barriers, it is not the same for the rest of the countries that are categorized as part of the developing world. Girls in developing countries such as Pakistan, do not have the full access and ability to go to school and are facing cultural, political, and economic barriers that are in hibiting the ability of these kids from entering school. The Pakistani government should restoration responsibility in solving the countrys education crisis by reforming its education system to make it accessible for Pakistani girls who are not able to go school. Girls represent a strong majority of those who cant go to school. According to an article by Omar Waraich from Time Magazine, Mosharraf Zaidi, the campaign director of an education advocacy group called Alif Ailaan, stated that 61% of the 25 million Pakistani children who cant go to school are girls. Cultural barriers of male-dominated patriarchy, inherited from the era of British colonialism and traditional Indian culture as according to Latif, are one of the factors that prevent girls from going to sch... ...? Education Economics 17.3 (2009) 329-54. Web. 9Dec.2013. Callum, Christine, Zeba Sathar, and Minhaj ul Haque. Is Mobility the Missing Link in astir(p) Girls Schooling in Pakistan? Asian Population Studies 8.1 (201 2) 5-22. Web. 9Dec.2013. Ghuman, Sharon, and Cynthia Lloyd. Teacher Absence as a Factor in Gender Inequalities in Access to essential Schooling in Rural Pakistan. Comparative Education Review 54.4 (2010) 539-54. Web. 9Dec.2013. Kingston, Anne. Teen Idol. Macleans 126.48 (2013) 65-6. Web. 9Dec.2013. Latif, Amna. A Critical Analysis of School Enrollment and Literacy order of Girls and Women in Pakistan. Educational Studies 45.5 (2009) 424-39. Web. 9Dec.2013. Waraich, Omar. There Are Thousands of Malalas What Pakistans Teenage Activist Has Already Won. TIME.com. Time Magazine, 11Oct.2013. Web. 9Dec.2013.

The mozart effect Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Mozart EffectDoes classical music really help you study better? Many modern research studies show that music idoes in fact improve cognitive thinking. In 1993, researchers at the University of California at Irvine discovered the so-called Mozart Effect - that college students who lis tened to ten minutes of Mozarts Sonata for Two Pianos in D major K448 before taking an IQ test scored nine points higher than when they had sat in silence or listened to relaxation tapes. Other studies have also indicated that it doesnt matter the artist people retain information better if they hear classical or baroqueness music while studying.The most easily influenced stage of human life is early childhood, therefore it is encouraged that children listen to classical music. The researchers at Irvine recently open that preschoolers who had received eight months of music lessons scored eighty percent higher on object-assembly tasks than did other children who received no musical training. It was concluded that students who listened to music had high a greater ability to think abstractly and to visualize. These tasks are necessary to understand difficult theorems and equations in math and engineering. German scientists discovered an amazing difference in musicians who have the ability to recognize notes by ear and who began studying music before the age of seven. The plenum temporal, which is the area on the brains left side that processes sound signals, by and large language, is lead times the average size. The age of the musician matters because the brain generally stops growing after age 10. Besides being beneficial for puppyish children, music is useful to many adolescents, especially to those with learning problems. Exposing music constantly to children with severe learning deficiencies has been known to show positive results. A study was through with(p) by the researchers at Irvine on a seven-year-old girl with an autistic condition, which caused her to use gestures and occasional words instead of full sentences. The young girls speaking ability ameliorate remarkably after she had lessons in a class that combined sounds from a piano with dialect. College students can also benefit from classical music. To test this, college students were exposed to three different types of music and were given standard reasoning tests, each for ten minutes. The research showed that the scores ... ...one energy to work out listening to a soft, reposeful song might put a person to sleep and listening to Mozart may enhance spatial reasoning and memory in the brain. Whatever the site may be, music seems to have a benefiting effect.Bibliography1. Campbell, Don. The Mozart Effect Tapping the Power of Music. New York HarperCollins Publishers Inc. 20012. Carroll, Robert Todd. The Mozart Effect available from http//skepdic.com/mozart.html Internet, accessed April 29, 20043. Church, Ellen Booth. Learning Through Play Music and Movement. New York pedant Inc. 1992 4. E liot, Lise. Whats Going on in There? How the Brain and Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life. New York Bantam Books 2002 5. Machlis, Joseph and Kristine Forney. The pastime of Music. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2003 6. Ortiz, John M. Nurturing Your Child with Music How cloggy Awareness Creates Happy, Smart, and Confident Children. Oregon Beyond Words Publishing 19997. Ortiz, John M. Nurturing Your Child with Music How Sound Awareness Creates Happy, Smart, and Confident Children. Oregon Beyond Words Publishing 1999

Success Essay -- essays research papers

If one advances confidently in the direction of their dreams, and endeavors to lead a life sentence which they have imagined, they will meet with a success unexpected in common hours. Henry David ThoreauWhat is success? Is it the process of doing a task and receiving a confident(p) result, or is it plain achieving ones own personal goals?Ones ability to succeed in life is almost directly related to an image of the acquaintance of what success is. Many of Americas most successful businessmen, such as J.P. Morgan and Andrew Carnegie, understood what it took to survive in the rapidly evolving business world. Their belief was that success is tangible only if through smart business interactions and good money management, personality and good looks only serve as a bonus. Rene Gallimard in Madame Butterfly and Willy Loman in final stage of a Salesman evidently did not grasp these experts concept of success. Both Willy Loman and Rene Gallimard define success as their antithesis, and measure their level of accomplishment against their individual barometers for success. Willy Loman preaches that success comes grant in hand with a great smile and a jovial personality but he believes that success is hidden in far shoot opportunities. Rene Gallimard defines a successful person as one who has the ability to control and maintain power over another. Both of these images are tainted because they are simply representations of their maligned, s...

Microraptor Zhaoianus Discovery Strengthens the Dinosaur-Bird Connectio

Microraptor Zhaoianus Discovery Strengthens the Dinosaur-Bird Connection TheoryThe evolutionary connection between dinosaurs and birds (that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs) has long been theorized and is today generally accepted as a scientifically viable school of thought. Furthermore, several monumental discoveries have recently been made (21st century) in the area of the fossil record which have acted to solidify this evolutionary connection, drawing the evidentiary ties between dinosaurs and birds even closer together. Paramount among these new unearthings is the recent discovery (in 2000) of the Microraptor zhaoianus. In the following analysis I will taste to summarize both the discovery of this unusual specie, and the impact the discovery has had on the school of thought regarding the evolution of birds.The discovery expressed in the original member of my research is that of a Microraptor zhaoianus fossil. The Microraptor zhaoianus is classified as a non-avian, dro maeosaurid (swift lizard), which is a subgroup of the theropods11. The theropods were a group of raptors whose characteristics included small size, bipedalism, and a close relation to birds22. Certainly, there is no doubt that the Microraptor fits this description. The size of the Microraptor is indeed a large part of what makes its discovery so important. On the whole, non-avian dinosaurs are classified as medium to large size entities. However, the Microrapto is unusually small as its body measures a mere 47 mm33. In fact, it is the first fully mature non avian dinosaur on record that has been give to be smaller (only slightly) than the earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx44. Furthermore, in addition to its comparabl... ...arning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Dromaeosaur.shtml (15 March 2004). 33 Xu, 705-708.44 Xu, 705-708.55 Anna Salleh, Chinese macroraptor looks like bird-dinosaur link 8 December 2000, http//www.abc.net.au/science/ give-and-take/stories/s221244.htm (1 5 March 2004).66 Xu, 705-708.77 Xu, 705-708.88 Xu, 705-708.99 Salleh,1.1010 Xu, 705-708.1111 Xu, 705-708.1212 Xu, 705-708.1313 Xu, 705-7081414 Richard Prum, Paleontology Dinosaurs take to the air, Nature 421, no. 6921 (2003) 323. 1515 Prum, 323.1616 Xu, 705-708.1717 Paul Willis, Dinosaur fossil with proto-feathers, 8 March 2001, http//www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s256326.htm (5 April 2004).1818 Paul Willis, Missing link from skin to feathers, 27 April 2001, http//www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s283717.htm (5 April 2004).

Analysis of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay -- essays re

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is an artfully crafted taradiddle that unabashedly tells the story of the injustice, the horror and the madness of the French Revolution. More than this, it is a story of one mans redemption, one man who Dickens vividly portrays as being a nobody. This nobody had thrown away his spiritedness. A Tale of Two Cities is the tale of Sydney Carton and his full circle redemption.The showtime impression we get of Sydney Carton is not a pleasant one. Sydney Carton sat leaning back, with his torn gown half off him, his untidy wig stray on just as it happened to light on his head after removal, his hands in his pockets, and his eyes on the ceiling as they had been all day. Some issue in particular reckless in his demeanorgave him a disreputable look. (p. 57) From this description we get the impression that Carton is a slacker and that he doesnt care about appearances. We besides learn that he is a drunk. You have had your bottle, I perceive, Sydney . Two tonight, I think. (p.66) Sydney is trying to find the answers for his problems in the wrong places and he has begun to give up hope. He resorted to his pint of wine for consolation, drank it all in a few minutes and fell asleep on his arms, with his hair straggling over the table, and a eagle-eyed winding-sheet in the candle dripping down upon him. (p. 64) Sydney Carton is in bad shape. He is an alcoholic, he is depressed and he has nothing going for him. beforehand a chick is born, it must first break free of the shell that encases it. It only begins to chip once it realizes that breaking free is the only way to push through a new life. In the same way Carton begins to take a serious look at who he is and what he has become. Do you particularly like the m... ...ounters a young, frightened seamstress. Carton takes her hand and commands her to never take her eyes off him. Keep your eyes on me, dear child, and mind no other object. (p. 291) Sydney Carton, had always b een the follower, but now, he takes the lead in his own life. Amidst the chaos and the confusion of the crowd, Sydney Carton whispers his final words. It is a far, far better thing that I do, then I have ever done, it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known. (p. 293) As the chick chips its shell to its final breaking free, Sydney Carton begins the journey of redemption and completely transforms himself. Carton ascends to the plane of heroism, using his death to save the lives of others. His own life thus gains meaning and value. A Tale of Two Cities is truly the tale of the miraculous redemption of one, ordinary nobody.

Analysis of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay -- essays re

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is an artfully crafted tale that unabashedly tells the report card of the in bonnyice, the horror and the madness of the French Revolution. More than this, it is a story of one mans redemption, one man who Dickens vividly portrays as universe a nobody. This nobody had thrown away his life. A Tale of Two Cities is the tale of Sydney Carton and his full circle redemption.The first impression we travel of Sydney Carton is not a pleasant one. Sydney Carton sat leaning back, with his torn gown half off him, his untidy wig put on just as it happened to light on his head after removal, his hands in his pockets, and his eyes on the ceiling as they had been all day. Something especially reckless in his demeanorgave him a disreputable look. (p. 57) From this description we get the impression that Carton is a slacker and that he doesnt care about appearances. We also learn that he is a drunk. You have had your bottle, I perceive, Sydney. Two tonight, I think. (p.66) Sydney is trying to find the answers for his problems in the wrong places and he has begun to give up hope. He resorted to his pint of vino for consolation, drank it all in a few minutes and fell asleep on his arms, with his hair straggling over the table, and a long winding-sheet in the candle dripping down upon him. (p. 64) Sydney Carton is in bad shape. He is an alcoholic, he is depressed and he has nothing going for him.Before a maam is born, it must first break free of the bunk that encases it. It only begins to chip once it realizes that breaking free is the only way to start a stark naked life. In the same way Carton begins to take a serious look at who he is and what he has become. Do you particularly like the m... ...ounters a young, frightened seamstress. Carton takes her hand and commands her to never take her eyes off him. Keep your eyes on me, dear child, and mind no other object. (p. 291) Sydney Carton, had forever and a day been the follow er, but now, he takes the lead in his own life. Amidst the chaos and the confusion of the crowd, Sydney Carton whispers his final words. It is a far, far better thing that I do, thusly I have ever done, it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known. (p. 293) As the chick chips its shell to its final breaking free, Sydney Carton begins the journey of redemption and completely transforms himself. Carton ascends to the plane of heroism, using his death to save the lives of others. His own life thus gains means and value. A Tale of Two Cities is truly the tale of the miraculous redemption of one, ordinary nobody.

Effects of Migration Into Cities

The effects of contemptible into a new city or town Today everybody is going in the glamorous world of cities where one can progress and make the best use of his or her life. P bents.. Listen to their dialogue with their children. They say that my son or daughter will settle or go to abroad one day. And with this they start imagining and forcing their child to get highest degree and sacking away from where they are. Each parent today has this mentality that there is heaven like something in abroad and a good deal else. There are many such(prenominal) examples to discuss. But for now one is enough I think.In terms of living a life in a new city there are many possibilities of advantages as well as disadvantages as can be seen in education, employment and settlement point of view. These three things can be much better improved in a city where there is much scope to put a step forward towards his or her aim. In a city each one who is settled there has only one intention to earn a g allon of paper notes and coins and live a expansive and easy way of life. This luxurious life is expected by all people. But there is something called feeling of attachment.There is an attachment towards his or her native place. One cannot go forth his or her childhood days or their neighbours and the love between them. Emotions are not allowed in a city or the town. Today since all the places are becoming industrialized there is no space for emotions but only profit. And because of this all the people are running after them. There is a undischarged effect on especially the country. Since all the citizens are settled in abroad and the income they earn is of no use to the country, the countrys economic placement lowers as compared to separate countries.The newer generation is no long staying in their native country specially India. India is full of corruption, they say. But it is not so. If the abroad based thinkers try, the moorage can be changed. The major disadvantage of mo ving to a new city is the loss of attachment to the native place and their neighbours. From birth we are habituated to our villages or town, its nature, its culture and its people. But as we move to a new area, far from ours, we cannot accept its culture and people very easily. We cannot adjust there collectible to our unforgettable habits with our ulture. As we move to a new city, we have to accept the people, the culture, and their behaviors and accordingly we have to adjust. But it is not so easy. Since the people are keenly interested in earning money and luxurious life they are ready to do anything for this. According to me, I cant accept the concept of moving to a new place permanently. Because it affects our native place or country. Earlier during the British rule all the intelligent brains of India were sent out to England or the other countries out of India.So that the foreign countries would progress better in terms of technology. But with this, India had to suffer in it s progression. Today after British rule is no longer still their mentality always exists in each Indian that to go to abroad but not to stay here in India. The aim of make-up this article is to aware the people of not to go to abroad but it is better and much better to stay in your own country and relinquish your talents to your people and their future. Prachiti Ganpule SYBA, St. Xaviers college, Mapusa Goa

Dependency Theory Essay

Modernization theory is a theory used to explain the process of Modernization within societies. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that with assistance traditional countries can be brought to education in the same manner more develop countries cause. This theory of modernization however failed because it can be argued that it was too Eurocentric in its methodologies. That is to say its centered focus was on Europe or European peoples. The theory neer considered the Caribbean region or other third globe when explaining its c at oncepts. This resulted in a paradigm shift from Modernization to colony.The habituation theory was established to provide the profound community with a different way of understanding the circumstances of the non-industrial countries of the world. According to Osvaldo Sunkel, habituation theory can be sociologically defined as an invoice of the economic development of a state in terms of the external influences, polit ical, economic and cultural on national development policies. Therefore this essay would swallow seek to explain the advantages and limitations of the central new insight that is provided about development by the Dependency theory.One advantage of the Dependency theory is that the theory arose nearly 1960 as a reaction to some earlier theories of development which held that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that todays under true areas are thereof in a similar situation to that of todays developed areas at some time in the past, and that therefore the task in fate the underdeveloped areas out of poverty is to accelerate them along this supposed common path of development, by various means such(prenominal) as investment, technology transfers, and close integration into the world market. Dependency theory rejected this view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but have funny features and stru ctures of their own and, importantly, are in the situation of being the weaker members in a world market economy, whereas the developed nations were never in an analogous position they never had to exist in relation to a bloc of more powerful countries than themselves.Dependency theorists argued, in opposition to free market economists, that underdeveloped countries needed to edit out their connectedness with the world market so that they can pursue a path more in keeping with their own needs, less dictated by external pressures. Prebisch, an Argentine economist at the linked Nations Commission for Latin America (UNCLA), went on to conclude that the underdeveloped nations must employ some point in time of protectionism in trade if they were to enter a self-sustaining development path.Another advantage the Dependency theory provided about development is that it explains the reasons why the lesser developed countries are the way they are. The lack of development within the third wo rld rest within the first world. Advocates of the Dependency theory agree that only inviolable reform of the world capitalist system and a distribution of assets will free third world countries from poverty cycles and enable development to occur. Measures that the third countries could dumbfound would include the elimination of world debt and the introduction of global taxes such as the Tobin Tax. This tax on foreign exchange transactions, named after its proponent, the American Economist, James Tobin, would break large revenues that could be used to pay off debt or fund development projects.Also these third world countries could try to eliminate themselves from world debt by trying to stop depending on the financial institutions for loans. These third world countries believe that they are benefiting the country by taking loans from these institutions to support themselves economically. However, what these third world countries begettert realise is that these institutions are d eveloped to make them take loans and go into more debt where they would have no other alternative but to depend on the first world for assistance, thus, leading to dependency and by extension further underdevelopment. For instance, Dominant first world countries have such a technological and industrial advantage that they can ensure the global economic system works in their own self-interest. Organisations such as the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO have agendas that benefit the firms, and consumers of earlier the first world.Freeing up world trade, one of the main aims of the WTO, benefits the wealthy nations that are most involved in world trade. Creating a level playing field for all countries assumes that all countries have the necessary equipment to be able to play. For the worlds poor this is often not the case. The third-world debt crisis of the 1980s and continued doldrums in Africa and Latin America in the 1990s caused some doubt as to the feasibility or desirability of dependent development.Vernengo (2004) has suggested that the sine qua non of the dependency relationship is not the difference in technological sophistication, as traditional dependency theorists believe, but rather the difference in financial strength between core and peripheral countries particularly the inability of peripheral countries to borrow in their own currency. He believes that the hegemonic position of the United States is very strong because of the importance of its financial markets and because it controls the international reserve currency the US dollar. He believes that the end of the Bretton Woods international financial agreements in the early 1970s considerably strengthened the United States position because it removed some constraints on their financial actions.Although there are various advantages of the new central insight that is provided for the explanation of development, there are in addition some limitations. One of these limitations is that, the Depend ency theory is a way of explaining economic underdevelopment outside of such industrially advanced parts of the world as north America and Europe. According to dependency theory, the politico-economic advantages of more technologically advanced countries are based on the losss to countries that are and remain less developed. Critics of the theory claim that such an outlook is fatalistic, historically inaccurate, and simplistic. For example, parts of Africa, Asia, and South America are considered disadvantaged and underdeveloped. Yet all three areas previously were the locations of ancient civilizations of great cultural, economic, philosophical, political and accessible achievements. Dependency theory doesnt come up with convincing arguments to account for how these areas fell by the wayside, and why areas in Europe and North America took the lead.The Dependency theory explains how the countries are the way they are but they did not explain why and how they got that way. The theo ry just labelled these three countries as less developed because of their relationship with the more developed countries, it did not explain why is it that Europe and North America was able to develop and why is it Africa, Asia and South America wasnt able to develop and how they lost their cultural, economic, philosophical, political and social achievements while North America was able to keep theirs and be considered first world countries. Another disadvantage of the Dependency theory is that doesnt have all of its convincing points in order to relate to the theorys implied in vulnerability of development and simultaneous vulnerability of underdevelopment.In other words, it emphasizes the importance of external forces on underdeveloped countries and minimizes the role of internal motivations within those very same countries. In most instances it is because of these third world countries internal forces they are underdeveloped. The reason for this because of the countrys small size it causes them to be vulnerable towards the first world dependence. Along with this, it can also be seen that most third world countries contain a high level of putridness which causes them to be in the situation that they are presently in. Advanced democracies standardised the UK, USA, Canada and Australia have virile electorates, media and criminal justice systems to combat corruption.But Third World political and civil institutions are weaker, and in effect license corruption with impunity, thus allowing corruption within these countries to become effortlessly available. Along with this the Dependency theory likewise locks countries into a hierarchy of world leaders in which once an underdeveloped country, always an underdeveloped country. And the previous faults quickly become glaring when the dependency theorist tries to account for politico-economic changes within the Russian Federation, certain Middle easterly countries, India, and China, to name a few.In the final analysi s, it can be seen that there was a paradigm shift from the Modernisation theory to the Dependency theory in explaining development. The Development theory provided the scholarly community with a different way of understanding the circumstances of the non-industrial countries of the world. Dependency Theory is in large part a theory of development in the third world, it seek to provide explanations for third world development and explanations that the Modernisation theory failed to give.Like any other theory, the Dependency theory has its advantages and limitations. One of its strengths is its recognition that from the beginning, capitalism developed as a multinational system. Dependency Theory therefore spends its time on the question, how can we have a development in the periphery that more resembles that at the core? Or a more charitable account, if the core-periphery link is broken, can we have development in the periphery that has some or all of the elements that we identified a s desirable in the core?BIBLIOGRAPHYAmin, S. Accumulation and Development a Theoretical deterrent example revaluation of African Political Economy HC501 R46.Gunder Frank, A. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. HC165 F828 C1 1969.The Latin American Periphery in the Global System of Capitalism, 1981, UNCLA ReviewPrebisch, R. Change and Development. 1976 t. HC125 P922 C4.R. H. Chilcote Development Theory and Practice Latin American Perspectives, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003Sunkel O. (1966), The Structural Background of Development Problems in Latin America Weltwirtschaftliches.Vernengo M. Technology, Finance and Dependency Latin American Radical Political Economy in Retrospect, Working Paper No 2004-06, University of Utah Dept. of Economics, 2004, p 5 retrieved July 2009.

Contemporary societies Essay

The art of literature in contemporary societies has always led to more critical discussions between firearm and himself and between man and his neighbor. Literature pushes us to rethink our stance on normal societal norms and beliefs. genus genus genus Sula is such a work of art. It is the based on two women living at the Bottom in Ohio, a predominantly black club. Helen Wright is a socially conscious and quite a conservative woman. She has cardinal daughter Nel. Hannah Peace a beautiful flamboyant and a woman with many men at the Bottom is the mother of Sula.Sula is raised with Eva Peace, her grandmother who does non stifle her granddaughters freedom unlike Nel who comes from a restrictive household. Nel and Sula develop quite an inseparable and good friendship, a friendship that does not settle well with Helen who possesses grave misgivings due to the reputation of Sulas mother however she does not object openly afterward her realization that Sula is a very polite house guest . After High School these two great friends diverge ways for 10 years. Sula goes to college where she experiences a newfound wave of sexual promiscuity much like her mother.Nel On the other hand is married by a Bottoms resident, Jude Green. Their separation last for period of threesome years before Sula comes back from the college and their serviceman relationship resumes without any hindrance. However, this relationship is cut short when Nel learns of the relationship between Sula and Jude. This affair ends both the relationship between Jude and Nel as well as that of Nel as Sula who leaves the bottom for three years. Nel is forced to raise her two children alone and she doesnt communicate with Sula for the three years that she goes away. Their next meeting occurs when Sula is terribly sick and almost dying.Their last conversation before Sula dies constitutes the literary wealth of this chef-doeuvre it is the discussion between good and bad. She dies and is buried at the Botto m cemetery. Thereafter, Nel visits Eva Peace who is quite old and is kept in a nursing home where she tries to reprize the moments she had to dejecther before Sula died. While walking home she begins to feel the loss of the relationship with the death of Sula, her single and true friend. Her judgment of Sula as bad begins to haunt her as she recalls an incident that happened when they were friends the Chicken Little incident.Chicken little was a young boy who also lived at the Bottom. When playing on a tree, Sula lost grip and the child plunged in the river and drowned. They kept this secret for the whole of their lives. These argon the memories that unsettled Nel emotionally, she begins to challenge the concepts of good and bad and the choices and sacrifices passel make in life. Later on, she kills her drug addict sun as she struggles to raise his family single handedly. Sadly, we see her sitting and crying over Sulas grave at then cemetery as the stage comes to an end.The story questions the decisions that people make in life the calls for a rethinking of common societal problems. Critics raise the humor in the novel. For example the place called bottom is actually at the mountain top. The creation of binary oppositions in the novel not lonesome(prenominal) makes it besides interesting and informative but also lets the reader glance at the depth of common conventions in the club and the effect these societal conventions have on the lives of children who are supposed to be brought up in a comparatively free world where people are supposed to make free will. ridicule as a theme is also developed in the story and it fuse well with the binary notion. The complexity of characters in the story conveys an account of human flaws in decision making and in the way we relate to other people in the biotic biotic community. While parents do everything in their power to ensure that their children justifiably lead a good life, little is done in ensuring that the c hildren also get freedom. This makes the children not to acquire their own experiences in life but only proceed to copy the characters of their parents and grandparents.The fact that Sula turned out to be an exact replica of her mother and grandmother is an attestation to this fact. The book is feminine masterpiece and there is also an element of female chauvinism. This can be justified by the fact that all the major characters in the book are women and their actions are affected by men in a very little sense. Jude, Chicken Little and Nels son who became a drug addict after leaving the army are all victims of the womens stereotyped dispositions.Shadrack being physically and emotionally scarred fro the experience of war is disowned and almost excommunicated by the community without the community fully understanding the reasons behind his behavior. Let us now give a critical analysis of Sula, the main character. Sula is the major square up on his friend Nel. Sula has been influenced by her mother leading to the passage of what can be argued to be a bad character trait through generations. Eva is a strong woman. She has endured loneliness, abject poverty but she is proud and unrelenting.Sula is quite an extraordinary woman, she is energetic but she has no suitable outlet to unloosen her energies. This makes her potentially dangerous in that that she has no knowledge of wrongdoing. She does not understand that she sins when she sleeps with men and carelessly tosses them aside. Her sin is unintentional. The community, however do not understand the scope of her upbringing or they simply do not care. They despise her but tolerate her. One very interesting aspect is that Sula is quite autarkical in her isolation, she does what she pleases and she simply does not care what everybody else does.She lives her the way it pleases her effectively earning her isolation from the community. After her death the rules shift suddenly, there is a renewed sense of acceptance, o f be right and wrong, good and bad. It is important to try and delve into the reasons why Nel and Sula united even after Sula betrayed their friendship by having an affair with Nels husband, Jude. Nel realizes that Sula was neither good nor evil she was just indifferent to everything and everybody.Wives had to put extra effect in making sure that their husbands do not surpass into bed with Sula, children were treated better so that they dont grow into adults who are indifferent and uncaring like Sula. This is good fortune to the bottom community because they were held together in the rethinking process. Remember the National Suicide day? After Sulas death the community did not have any nut-bearing outlet to channel their energies, they could not just sit and talk and so they become enraged and tear up the tunnel the result of unfocused energy.This ultimate realization went a long way in ensuring that the residents of Bottom engaged in productive work for their survival. If Sula would have directed her energy to something else, per befall something a little more worthwhile would have resulted. Racial prejudice is highlighted when Jude is denied a chance to engage in the building of anew bridge, because of the color of his hide he is denied the opportunity even though he is willing to do something productive. He stands in line for six days while the white boys get an opportunity to build the new River Road, his job at the hotel is demeaning and an insult to his masculinity.The scarcity of job opportunities remains to be the why Eva and Hannah had very little chance of gainful employment. They had to contend with the injustices being meted out on them because they were females and most importantly black. To escape the pangs of hunger in the winter, they have to prepare canned food in the summer. The life of Sula Peace, her childhood and her death in 1941is surrounded by the inability of the environment to shape her into a good woman The black community resi ding in Medallion the bottom is judgmental but not in any way assisting to solve the crisis within itself.Sulas life story shows us how the community and family can shape somebodys identity. She not only displays how children are nurtured but also her later relationship with the same community who natured her. She is a strong independent character but the community does not see her positive potentiality. To go against these societal norms she is not married and she sleeps around. The Peace family has been frowned upon by the Bottom community. This could have elicited an element of antagonism from Sula because she does not follow accepted societal conventions but in this case she is the protagonist and not the community.The novel poses her as the central character and the community constitutes only bits and pieces that seem to knit her life together in a predetermined fashion from the epoch of her birth to death. If change is to take place the community remains the playing field and Sula undoubtedly remains one of the players in the field. Whether she deserved to be rewarded for fearlessly instigating the rethinking process is not a matter of discussion as it is evident that her one and truly friend had in her own way knowingly or unknowingly lent credit to her stance in life by crying over her grave at the cemetery after realizing what Sula stood for.The character Sula is structure less, that any character interaction with her only invokes an element of structurelessness. This is because philosophically her evil is not her own but a reflectance of what had been unknowingly imparted in her. Fortunately, her story is one where what is regarded as evil triggered change in the society. In analyzing one of the important masterpieces in the history of black American writing it is prudent to expunge on the growth of protagonism and non conformism in the society.The societys vilification of the heroine Sula who does not fit into the societys conformation of a heroi ne is a classic example of the inability of a people to look within themselves and try to solve the problems within its own structures. work CitedDaniel Dawkins A Character Analysis of Sula Considering Morrisons Main Character as the Protagonist. 2008

Case Hcc Industries

08 Fall(a) 08 Fall 1. Evaluate the decision to use minimum realizeance quantity (mononuclear phagocyte system) targets sort of of stretch targets. We evaluate the decision to use minimum performance standard targets by looking at how good this new target form get throughs the four purposes of preparedness and budgeting processes. First of all, planning and budgeting processes have to enhance management mesh. Derived from the exercise, we think bodied managing directors have too much control on the targets. frequent managers give corporate managers an estimate of the targets they mass achieve unless in all the sectionalizations, targets were adjusted.The CEO always has the last call on the targets and in the trip of Sealtron we see that this isnt good. No one believes Sealtron can achieve a PBT of 1milion $ and quiesce the CEO wants that target. For the general manager of Sealtron this was very discouraging. So indeed, management control on targets has increased but m aybe too much. On the other hand, divergence managers now have much control on the gift pool, they can decide which subordinates share in the bonus pool. That isnt good either because of the grade of subjectivity.If youre not in good graces with the general manager, you will not achieve any bonuses. Bonuses are not based on how good you actually work but on how good the general manager believes you work. So maybe the control on targets has to be reduced a little bit and the control on the bonus pool has to be made more than objective. Secondly, the planning and budgeting processes have to engage in long(er)-term thinking. In the system of stretch targets, some variations achieved their goals, some not but the company as a entirely was consistently missing its targets.In the MPS system they want to improve this. The problem however with the MPS system is that there is too much counsel on operational planning, targets are set on short term. Targets are the main focus of the co mpany, level off if you have to take measures that are disadvantageous towards the future. For example, in the Sealtron division the general manager hired some people that he thought would be useful for the company on the long term. But because the main focus lays on achieving the targets, Lou Palamara was afraid that he had to lay off some people that he will likely need in the future.So the MPS system still supports rather the short term, there is no engagement in long-term thinking. Then the third purpose is to achieve coordination. The purpose of the company was to create a bottom-up procession. In this approach division managers prepare the budgets and then forward them to the corporate managers for go over and approval. Targets that are provided by the division managers tend to be more accurate and have a positive impact on employee morale because they know they can achieve the targets. They also get the feeling of autonomy. In the HCC case however, the go throughation of the bottom-up approach goes wrong.Division managers prepare the budgets and feel good about it but in each division the corporate managers adjust the budgets dramatically. The way in which the corporate managers change the budgets is perceived as dictatorial. No general manager feels confident with the new adjusted budgets. And as said before, even some corporate managers doubt whether the proposed budgets are feasible. So the dictatorial adjustments from the CEO are rather perceived as a top-down approach, in which budgets are prepared by corporate managers and imposed on the lower managers.The last purpose of planning and budgeting processes is to establish challenging-but-achievable performance targets. In the stretch targets system, targets are perceived as not unreachable, just tough. The intended probability of achievement was around 75 to 80%. This is just slight below the desired level (80-90%). In the MPS system, the probability of budget achievement was above the desired l evel (Hermetic Seal and Glasseal) but in the case of Sealtron the probability of achievement is only 60-65%.So again, if we look at all the divisions together, the company is missing the last purpose of planning and budgeting processes. 2. Should HCC managers have expected that the MPS target-setting school of thought would be equally effective in all four operating divisions described? No, they should not think so. The new MPS budget system has both advantages and disadvantages, which do not have effect on every division to the same extent and and then result in the difference of the effectiveness of the MPS target-setting philosophy on different divisions.We will firmness this question with the comparison of the 4 divisions reaction to the MPS system by looking over the marks of their managers, staffs, markets and other relevant aspects. We believe that Hermetic Seal is comparatively suitable for the MPS philosophy. As mentioned in the text, Hermetic Seals customers were mostl y military customers, indicating that their contacts and sales did not change significantly according to the scotch fluctuations and were more or less stable.So Hermetic Seal was more likely to make a correct expectation about their future and make an achievable, as well as challenging, budget, which is the key of the MPS. Mike, the manager of Hermetic Seal, who was looking for a large bonus, would make more conservative budgets to ensure that he could always accept the targets. He intentionally lowered the budget target that he used to make, in order to let off the pressure to meet the targets, so at the same time he reduced the motivation to fight for more challenging targets as well.Glasseal manager Carl feels more pressure about the budget and is thus more motivated to strive for the budget and entertain his job. The budget target is challenging but achievable, as Carl is 90% sure to achieve the target. This is a proper(ip) probability according to practical experience in th e budgeting system. We believe that Glasseal is the best-suited division for the MPS system. Lou, the Sealtron manager, would like to pay more attention to long-term development instead of currently cutting costs.He was upset with the MPS system but was forced to accept the system and the budget, so perhaps he is poorly motivated to implement the system. However, despite the managers resistance to the MPS system, the performance of the division has improved under the new system and achieved most budgeting targets that were considered as im practical when making the budget and even exceeded some of them. The staff of the division used to be slothful under the stretch system when they didnt have to achieve the budget, whereas MPS is stimulating the staff to be more efficient.In contrast to the three connection divisions reacting in a positive way to MPS, we consider MPS as a disaster for Hermetite. The division was tutelage a horrible financial record in its growing period and needed to focus more on long-term development, so it was unfair and ill-timed to judge and evaluate Hermetites performance with financial criteria and to ask them to achieve all the yearly budgeting targets and financial criteria. Moreover, Hermetites market situation was hard to predict, as it was unstable and changed significantly from year to year, so it was unlikely to make a proper budget based on a correct rediction of the future. Even worse, the manager of Hermetite, an optimistic person, would like to set high standards in order to achieve high performance. He was upset with the new MPS philosophy, which forced him to accept a cut budget. And different from the stretch budgeting, which encouraged employees to achieve as high targets as they could, the most important motivation for employees in the MPS system is to keep their jobs. For Hermetite, which owned a huge potential and infinite future growth, the former system would have been better. To conclude, Glasseal suited the MPS philosophy best.Hermetic Seal and Sealtron would also perform a relatively positive change in the MPS system. But stretch budgeting is better for Hermetite than MPS. 3. What, if anything, could have been turn ine to improve the implementation of the new philosophy? In order to provide a schematic response to this question, we return to the structure used to provide an answer to question one, being the four purposes of planning and budgeting processes. The first purpose is to enhance management control. With take to the implementation of the new system, the amount of management control exercised has altered quite ambiguously.On the one hand, the creation of the bonus pool has augmented the amount of decentralized control to the division managers. This was mainly a result of the critique that there was always substantial delay with regard to payments of the bonuses. However, in its current execution, this pool causes the problem of a lack of segregation of duties. A recommendation i s thus to leave ultimate authorization of bonuses with the general management, as an attempt to create reasonable assurance of no fraud is being committed by division managers.It would also cause division managers (who would still be able to appoint bonuses themselves) to account for the amount of subjectivity that is involved within this bonus system. The general management big businessman ask explanations with regard to the division of bonuses. On the other hand, the implementation has increased the management control to an unnecessary high level. As can be seen in the answer to the second question, the tensions between divisional and general management have raised substantially within someone divisions without resulting in a higher success rate of targets being met.As a possible solution, an overseeing marketing function might be created. We envision two possible ways to exercise this measure. First, the function could be outsourced to a marketing agency, which would conduct an yearly audit of the divisions and make suggestions regarding appropriate budget heights. In this way, the independence of this function can be assured. Second, the function could be orientated internally as a staff function with a mandate in the board of directors. The benefit of this second option is a continuous review of the divisions (as opposed to periodical review trough an external agency).The main goal of creating this role is to provide general management with a better knowledge of the market circumstances in which the division operate. And if division managers feel that general managers can provide supported arguments for a certain level of target and/or budget, their commitment could be influenced positively, which is an important characteristic of a budget. The second purpose is to engage in long(er)-term thinking. Using the current implantation, as we mentioned in question one, this purpose is completely missed. The organization does not achieve in completing the planni ng cycle.The focus is mainly on operation planning, whereas strategic planning, programming and capital budgeting are taken insufficiently into the equation. When the company refractory to change its philosophy, it envisioned a better coordination between divisional results so the company results as a whole would improve. But the results of this new philosophy dont account at all to this strategy. This lack of fit between strategic and operational planning could be countered by the above-mentioned marketing function, but also by accepting a higher level of risk.Especially with regard to Hermetite, HCC should be willing to accept the optimistic sales forecasts and even suffer losses during short term because in the long run it could perhaps achieve its immense growing potential and generate generous revenue and profit for the firm. In general, the general management should have thoroughly assessed the general mission, vision and strategy of the firm beforehand and used this more st rictly as a road map to the budgeting and target setting process. The third purpose is to achieve coordination.The most important mistake committed by general management in this area, was the vigorous approach of the new top-down budgeting process. Although the general management tried to create a mixture of top-down and bottom-up in their system, their rather dictatorial approach has created the suasion that the focus is purely on top-down budgeting. This approach could have been softened by a better communication towards division managers and other personnel. This step might seem negligible, but it could seriously impact the culture that is present in certain divisions (for instance Sealtron).Another possible measure is to decentralize some target-setting authority to division managers. Not total authority, but perhaps a system that involves negotiating power over the extents of targets. It could involve limits to targets, instead of an absolute number. In this way, the coordinat ion might evolve more towards a sideways coordination system. The last purpose is to establish challenging but achievable performance targets. If the above-mentioned suggestions are addressed, we believe that this fourth purpose could be provided with reasonable assurance. It is an additional outcome to implementation of the recommendations already made.